Due to study the Effect of lead, azospirillum and humic acid on chlorophyll content, root and SHOOT dry WEIGHT in rapeseed (Brassica napus L .) an experiment was done as factorial in the basis of complety randomized design in 4 replication during 2011 at Islamic Azad university shahr-e-Rey branch. Experimental factors contains: Lead heavy metal in 3 levels (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg of soil), Azospirillum bacteria inoculation in 2 levels (0 and application) and humic acid in 2 levels (0 and 8 g/ha application). The results indicated that all factors simple effects was significant and interaction effects did not showed any significant difference. Mean comparison single effects indicated that 750 mg/kg lead application decreased chlorophyll content, root and SHOOT dry WEIGHT to 0.94 mg/g, 3.68 g/plant and 13.12 g/plant alternatively. In this case after Azospirillum application root and SHOOT root dry WEIGHT increased 10% and 6.5% consequently. The humic acid consumption increased Chl a (0.75 mg/l), Chl b (0.39 mg/l) and Chl a+b (1.12).

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi application on the physiological traits and SHOOT dry WEIGHT of the Melissa officinalis under cadmium toxicity in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2022. The experiment was designed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included different cadmium levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg kg-1 soil) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis moseae (non-application and application). Results showed that the maximum cadmium concentration led to a 27.45% reduction in relative water content and a 1.65-fold increase in MDA content. Mycorrhizal fungi also improved soluble sugars and leaf soluble protein content by 11.68% and 21.25%, respectively. Interaction of fungi and heavy metal showed that the lowest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total were observed in the treatment with 25 mg kg-1 soil cadmium+without fungi application, measuring 0.308, 0.189, and 0.638 mg g-1 leaf, respectively. Furthermore, the highest activity of the catalase and peroxidase was observed under the treatment with mycorrhizal application + 25 mg kg-1 soil cadmium. In general, increasing cadmium levels negatively impacted the physiological traits of lemon balm, reducing SHOOT dry WEIGHT by 76.71% at the highest concentration. The highest level of this trait was achieved with mycorrhizal fungi in non-stress conditions. Therefore, the use of this biofertilizer is recommended to increase lemon balm tolerance in cadmium-contaminated soils.

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body WEIGHT traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month WEIGHTs were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body WEIGHTs at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the WEIGHT of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth WEIGHT and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month WEIGHT is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.

Variation for forage production was surveyed between annual medics under various periods of irrigation. The research was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications in Zalleh Research Station, Sanandaj, Iran, 1995. Studied factors were humid with 4 levels (irrigation intervals including 5,4,3 and 2 days) and medic species with 6 levels (1-Medicago truncatula, 2- M. scutellata, 3- M .rigidula, 4- M. littoralis , 5- M. rogosa paragosa and 6- M .orbicularis). Results showed that average SHOOT (SW) and root (RW) SHOOT and root dry WEIGHT of aerial part (SW) and root part (RW) of plant were 5 and 4.7 g respectively and SW/RW ratio was about 1. Based on the analysis of covariance (number of plant in vase as covariate), humidity levels showed significant differences P<0.01 for SW and RW and the watering interval of 2 days caused the highest WEIGHT and watering interval of 5 days caused the lowest WEIGHT of SW and RW. Differences among species for SW and RW was significant P<0.01. Mean comparison (Duncans multiple range test at p£0.01) showed that M.tr., M.Sc. and M.ri. In addition for SW and RW were higher than other species. Also, interaction of humid – species for SW and RW was significant (p£0.01). This means that different species of medics showed different reaction to humid changes. M.tr. and M.ri. As 2 resistant species in all humid levels showed stability in SW and RW. M.sc. has showed high SW and RW only in high humid condition. RW showed and significant (p£0.01) positive correlation (r=0.91) with SW and so regression coefficient (b) RW on SW was significant (p£0.01) and determination coefficient (R²=%98) was very high.

Some beneficial soil microorganisms can reduce salt stress in many crops. Two experiments were carried outto study the effect of salinity and microorganisms on the growth characteristics of Plantago ovata Forsk. In the first experiment, tolerant species of phosphate-soluble bacteria screened in a salinity stress condition, a number of bacteria were subjected to semi-quantitative phosphate solubility test. The superior isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens based on the sequence 16S rRNA gene and other phylogenetic analysis. The second experiment was a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was three levels of salinity (2. 5, 5 and 10 dS/m), the second factor was mycorrhizal fungus including Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum, and the third factor consisted of two levels of non-bacterial and bacterial application. SHOOT and root dry WEIGHT, root to SHOOT dry WEIGHT ratio, mycorrhizal growth response and root colonization percentage were measured. Analysis of variance showed that interaction of salinity stress and mycorrhizal fungus on SHOOT dry WEIGHT was significant at level 1% probability. The interaction of salinity stress and bacteria on the ratio of root dry WEIGHT to SHOOT was significant at 5% probability level. The highest root dry WEIGHT and root/SHOOT ratio (1. 7 and 0. 9 respectively) were obtained at 2. 5 dS/m + Glomus fasciculatum treatment. The highest mycorrhizal growth response percentage was 76. 7% at 10 dS/m + Rhizophagus intraradice treatment. Comparison of the mean interactions between salinity stress and bacteria showed that the highest mycorrhizal growth response percentage was obtained in the 10 dS/m salinity + Pseudomonas fluorescenstreatment (45. 6%). The results also showed that salinity decreased the yield of Isabgol, but the simultaneous application of PSB and AMF could compensate the negative effects of salinity stress. According to the results, it is possible to use the simultaneous application of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizophagus intraradices to maximize the production of Plantago ovata Forsk.

Considering the important role of amaranth as a precious nutrition source with high potential and restrictions of regional water resources, this experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels on some morphological characteristics and forage yield of amaranth. This experiment was carried out at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbayjan in 2016. Experimental design was based on randomized complete blocks in a split plot arrangement with three replications. The main factors were irrigation intervals (7, 11, and 15 days) and the sub factors were nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg of pure N ha-1). Results showed that irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels had significant) effects on plant height, number of leaf per plant, WEIGHT of leaf, WEIGHT of SHOOT, and biological yield of amaranth. Increasing irrigation intervals from 11 to 15 days reduced 25 percent of amaranth forage yield. Additionally, with the increase of nitrogenlevel we found an increase in features of the yield including the plant height, leaf number, leaf WEIGHT, and forage yield. Applying 60 kg nitrogen/ha increased 26 % in plant height, 13 % leaf number, 15 % leaf WEIGHT, 25 % stem WEIGHT and 38 % in forage yield compared to control. Therefore, 11 days irrigation interval, and 60 kg/ha nitrogen can be suggested to increase amaranth yield at Urmia conditions.

Introduction: Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals through oxidative stress impairs the balance of plant processes and ultimately reduce nutrients in plant growth. On the other hand, this element is highly toxic for humans and cause liver and kidney diseases. Vermicompost is a source of organic matter that plays important roles in plant nutrition and decreases availability of heavy metals including cadmium in soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cadmium and vermicompost on morphological traits of spinach. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of different levels of cadmium and vermicompost on some morphological characteristics and nutrients in spinach, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Tehran province in 1394. The experiment was carried out factorial based on randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. Cd factor were two levels, 0 and 20 mg per kg and vermicompost factor were in three levels as mixing five percent of vermicompost with soil and ten percent of vermicompost with soil. SHOOT dry WEIGHT, number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content in leaves were statistically analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results were showed that dry WEIGHT, number of leaves per plants, plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced by the use of cadmium. Also, leaf area index and chlorophyll had the most sensitivity and least sensitivity to cadmium. Data also showed that leaf area and chlorophyll index decreased 58 and 10. 6 percent in compare to control by use in the 20 mg. kg-1 in the soil, respectively. Data also demonstrated that use of vermicompost increased significantly SHOOT dry WEIGHT, number of leaves and leaf area. SHOOT dry WEIGHT increased 49. 4 percent in compare to control by mixing of ten percent of vermicompost with soil. The results also showed that use of vermicompost in soil, decreased the negative effects of cadmium on some traits of spinach such as leaf number, plant height and leaf area. Conclusion: The results were showed that cadmium decreased the growth of the different organs in the spinach. On the other hand, due to the effects of vermicompost consumption increased SHOOT dry WEIGHT and nutrient uptake, and reduced the adverse effects of cadmium.

There have been a little studies on removing the seed pods in annual medics, despite its importance. To investigate the role of pod removal on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzyme activities in annual medic (Medicago scutellata L.) Under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in 2014. Salinity at 5 levels: 0.62 (tap water as control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1 was applied using sodium chloride. The results showed that salt stress caused changes in the characteristics of germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzyme activities. With increasing in salinity levels, rate and percentage of germination as well as root length, SHOOT length and seedling WEIGHT was significantly decreased. However, increasing salinity levels increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Germination and growth in seed without pod was greater than those in seeds with pod; however, there were no significant differences between antioxidant enzyme activity; except about ascorbic peroxide that was significantly higher in seed without a pod. In general, salinity reduced germination and growth and increased antioxidant enzyme activity of annual medics. The results showed that planting seeds without pod had advantages for better germination and growth, especially under saline conditions.

IntroductionCadmium (Cd) is the most mobile heavy element in the soil. This element in plants has a negative effect on the main function of the plant such as photosynthesis, cell proliferation, and water uptake by plant roots. Resistance adaptation of some plants allows them to store high concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues without symptoms of poisoning, which eliminates them and revitalizes the environment. Corn (Zea mays L.) is able to continuously extract metals from contaminated soils by transferring them from roots to SHOOTs. Corn was also a promising crop for phytoremediation due to its extensive root system, high biomass, and compatibility with cadmium soils. Also, legumes such as soybeans (Glycine max L.) can accumulate heavy metals in their tissue, and their interaction with B. japonicum is an important aspect influencing the behavior of soybeans under heavy metal stress. Mixed culture is a common cropping method that increases biomass. The use of this method in plants intended for plant extraction is of great importance because in contaminated soils it affects the uptake of heavy elements by plants. Therefore, due to the importance of soil contamination with heavy elements, this study was designed to investigate the effect of mono and mixed corn and soybean culture on cadmium contaminated soil.Materials and methodsThis experiment was performed in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor of cadmium concentrations was 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1. The second factor was corn and soybean cultivation ratios (maize in pure cultivation, soybean in pure cultivation, corn in mixed cultivation and soybean in mixed cultivation with a ratio of 50: 50). The seeds were planted in 5 kg pots. The density was four plants in the pot was considered. Two months after sowing, the plants were harvested. Pre-harvest measurement traits included plant height and stem diameter and post-harvest measurement traits included SHOOT dry WEIGHT, root dry WEIGHT, cadmium concentration of SHOOT and root, and cadmium concentration in soil.Results and discussionThe results showed that the concentration of cadmium in maize SHOOTs in both mono-culture and mixed culture systems was higher than soybean and mixed cultivation, especially at high levels, increased the concentration of cadmium in maize and soybean SHOOTs. Also, with increasing the levels of heavy metal, the concentrations of cadmium in the roots increased linearly in all culture systems. Maize had more ability to uptake and concentrate metals in its roots than soybeans, and mixed cultivation of maize and soybeans increased the concentration of cadmium in the roots of maize and soybeans. In this experiment. The highest concentrations of root cadmium in mixed maize and soybean crops were recorded 105.97 and 60.46 mg kg-1, respectively.ConclusionDry WEIGHT of maize and soybeans was lower in mixed than pure cultivation, which seems to be the main cause of the higher uptake of cadmium in plant organs under mixed culture conditions. In general, the ability of maize to phytoextraction is higher than soybeans due to its higher biomass.